The Structure and Function of Neurons: Exploring Electrical Signaling

Abstract

Instructor’s Name Due Date Function of the Neuron Neurons send and receive signals from and to the brain and have structural and functional unique features. They have specialized projections called axons which transport chemical and electrical signals to other cells. The functions of the neuron involve sensation, integration, and response (Dhamdhere et al., 2018). Structure of a Neuron The neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on the role and location. The neuron has three main parts; an axon, the cell body, and dendrites. Axon Is a long tail-like structure joining the cell body at the axon hillock. This structure is insulated with a fatty substance called the myelin which helps the axons conduct an electric signal. Dendrites They are fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body and they process signals from the axons of other neurons. Neurons have a set of dendrites called the dendritic trees which help the neurons receive a thousand signals. Cell body It is also called the soma and acts as a core section of the neuron. It contains genetic material that maintains the structure of the neuron and provides energy that drives activities. It contains the nucleus and specialized organelles and is enclosed with a membrane that protects it and allows it to interact with its surroundings. How an Action Potential is Generated Resting membrane potential Most cells in the body use charged particles, and ions, to build up charge across the cell membrane. The cell membrane is responsible for regulating what can cross the cell membrane and what stays on one side. Charged particles are hydrophilic; they can pass through the cell membrane without assistance except through transmembrane proteins. Specialized ion-dependent pumps are responsible for generating an...