Brandon.Norwood-WD2021-Capstone-Level3

Abstract

Antisocial Personality Disorder, like all personality disorders represents a stable, pervasive pattern of behavior that is present for an individual’s entire life. In ASPD generally, the configuration is primarily one of a disregard for, and a violation of, the rights of others. This manifests itself in the individual fundamentally not caring about the wants, needs, and desires of others. The result of this core belief that others do not matter is behavior that mostly leads to arrest for petty offenses like theft. Though these crimes are not personality traits, the record that they create is reliable and traceable, making a good diagnostic tool. Another similar diagnostic tool is the individual’s work and school record. ASPD traits make listening to authority figures nearly impossible so most of these individuals have spotty educational and work histories. These behavoral markers are the result of several personality traits. One of these chief characteristics is impulsiveness. Individuals with ASPD do not stop to carefully consider the consequences of their activity, rather they simply do what they want for themselves in the moment. This impulsivity can lead to reckless and dangerous activity both for their own safety and for the safety of others. They may drive with excessive speed or push others near a traffic filled intersection. If they desire the property of others and they can take it, they will. This same attitude that is used toward property is used toward other people. They will lie or con others in order to fulfill their personal desires. If the individual with ASPD is not able to meet their desires through theft or con, they will not stop trying to fulfill their needs. They are prone to get very irritable and often get very aggressive towards others. Fighting with others will likely be prevalent in their personal history. At the end of their theft, maltreatment, and aggressiveness they will not feel sorry for their actions. They will either not care that they have caused harm or rationalize the situation. In order to qualify for a diagnosis three other criteria must be met: The individual must be at least 16 years old. Individuals who are growing up and going through puberty do not have the stable personality required to be diagnosed with a personality disorder. There must also be proof in their developmental history that the individual had antisocial traits as a child. This is demonstrated by fulfilling criteria for Conduct Disorder before age 15. Diagnosticians want to know that the individual’s personality has been set. They would like to know that the individual was like this before puberty and will be like this long after puberty before diagnosing a personality disorder. The antisocial behavior must not be exclusively during schizophrenia or a manic episode. The behavior should not be because of an Axis I condition. Psychopathy AND Sociopathy In the literature there is a much greater emphasis on studying psychopathy and sociopathy than there is antisocial personality disorder. These three are related but are not identical. Antisocial personality disorder is the only one of these three terms that exists in the DSM-IV-TR. Psychopathy is defined by characteristics such as a lack of empathy and remorse, criminality, antisocial behavior, egocentricity, manipulativeness, irresponsibility and a parasitic lifestyle. It is commonly conceptualized that psychopathy is a more severe form of APD and this thinking is reasonably accurate. Almost all individuals who fulfill the requirements to receive the label of psychopathy fulfill the requirements for ASPD but most of the individuals who fulfill the requirements of ASPD do not also get the label of psychopath. The term sociopath is an attempt to demystify the term psychopath since many generalize the term psycho in psychopath to apply to other terms like psychotic. Sociopathy is also an attempt by some clinicians to explain the etiology of the condition as characterized by early socialization experiences. Subtypes One of the diagnostic challenges with any personality diorder is that there is typically significant overlap between the personality disorders. This is due both to the diagnostic overlap in the definition of each of the personality disorders and the fact that individuals typically display many different traits throughout their lifetime. In order to get a better understanding of the common personality trait overlaps, Theodore Miller created a series of 5 subtypes of ASPD: Coveteus—this type is purely made up of ASPD traits. This individual feels intentionally denied and deprived and seeks to get the things s/he covets but gets little satisfaction from ownership. Nomadic—this type is ASPD with schizoid, schizotypal and avoidant features. This individual feels cast aside and is typically a drifter and societal dropout. When this individual acts out it is against that impulse. Malevolent—this type is a mix of ASPD with paranoid personality features. This individual is typically more violent than the other personality disorder types. He expects betrayal and punishment and attempts to get revenge in a pre-emptive manner. Risk-taking—this type is a mix of ASPD and histrionic features. This individual has the risk taking features of ASPD amplified heavily. They are very audacious and bold to the point of recklessness and they continuously pursue perilous adventures. Reputation-defending—this type is a mix between ASPD and narcissistic features. This individual has a need to be thought of as unflawed and formidable and will react extremely negatively to perceived slights to status. Differences Two of the most difficult differences for ASPD are Narcissistic and Histrionic personality disorder. Narcissistic Personality Disorder shows similar distorted thinking about others. They care little for the wants and needs of others and have limited empathy. Individuals with Narcissistic PD can be manipulative as well. However, Narcissistic individuals rarely show evidence of conduct disorder in youth or antisocial aggression. The underlying thought process behind their rules and norms breaking behavior is different as well. With ASPD the individual feels that they are entitled and special and that they can break the rules because of this fact. The ASPD individual does not need the rationalization, typically they do what they want because they want to do it. Individuals with Histrionic PD are often impulsive, show very little depth in their empathy and understanding of others. Their dramatic flair can be seen as impulsivity and can do things like maintaining affairs that can be characterized as violating social norms. However, histrionic individuals are not aggressive and will not show evidence of Conduct Disorder in typical presentation. Symptom Overlap Between Antisocial and Narcissistic/Histrionic Etiology The nature of personality disorders makes their etiology more difficult to pin down than other disorders. ASPD requires even more evidence of prolonged atypical functioning than other personality disorders because it requires evidence of maladaptive functioning before age 18. This requirement muddies the already murky waters that are the interplay of genetics and environment and their expression in both brain anatamy and psychological activity. Irregularities of the serotonin network in the brain responsible for the release, use, and reuptake of the neurotransmitter are linked to individuals with ASPD. This network has been linked separately both to individuals diagnosed with ASPD and to highly impulsive behavior. The theory is that this deficit can lead either to arousal thresholds being too low in individuals who show impulsivity or the arousal threshold is too high in individuals who are cold or callous. Psychological and family systems factors have also been shown to have an effect on the expression of ASPD. The researchers used national epidemiological survey and found individuals from a data set of alcohol users who also were antisocial, finding 1200 individuals on which to base their results. They found that significant childhood experiences of abuse...